In tropical forest ecosystems, highly weathered soils are often considered as relatively nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor. Nutrient availability greatly regulates ecosystem processes and functions of tropical forests. However, little is known about how nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions affect the conditions of soil food web which is an important component of belowground ecosystems. In the present study, soil nematode communities were monitored and served as indicators of soil food web conditions under experimental nitrogen and phosphorus additions in a secondary forest in tropical China. The principal response curves of soil nematode community structure revealed same tendency of changes under nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions compared with control, in terms of nematode functional guild compositions: apparent successions from communities dominated by He 3 and Ba 1 to communities dominated by Ba 2 and Fu 2 occurred after nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions. The diversity of soil nematode genera was not sensitive to either nitrogen or phosphorus addition. Phosphorus addition significantly suppressed total nematode density, density of omnivore-predators, and four nematode faunal indices (i.e. MI25, EI, SI, and SFI), but increased two faunal indices (i.e. CI and BaI). However, nitrogen addition did not induce remarkable changes of these variables in the present study. Our results suggest that nitrogen and/or phosphorus additions suppress soil nematodes in tropical secondary forests, which was inconsistent with our expectation that nitrogen addition was detrimental to and phosphorus addition was conducive to soil nematodes in this nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor soil. Furthermore, the effects of phosphorus addition are more powerful than the effects of nitrogen addition. Moreover, phosphorus addition degrades the structure and trophic links of the soil food web, reduces the carbon utilization of soil nematodes, and leads to a more fungal dominated decomposition pathway. The alterations of soil food web conditions might result in altered ecosystem functioning. Our findings could provide a better understanding of the responses of soil food web to nitrogen and phosphorus additions in nitrogen-rich but phosphorus-poor soils.